the custom of the feast

ἑορτή, ῆς, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; ParJer 7:31; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 10:8; Just., Mel.; Ath. 26, 3) a day or series of days marked by a periodic celebration or observance, festival, celebration ἐν μέρει ἑορτῆς with regard to a festival Col 2:16. More specif. defined ἡ ἑ. τοῦ πάσχα the Passover festival (Ex 34:25) Lk 2:41; J 13:1. τὸ πάσχα ἡ ἑ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων 6:4. ἡ ἑ. τῶν ἀζύμων the festival of unleavened bread Lk 22:1; cp. GPt 2:5 (Mel., P. 93, 695). ἡ ἑ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἡ σκηνοπηγία the Judeans’ festival of Tabernacles or Booths J 7:2; ἡ ἑ. the festival is shown by the context to be a particular one: Passover Mt 26:5; Lk 2:42; J 4:45; 11:56; 12:12, 20 al.; the festival of Tabernacles 7:8, 10f, 14, 37.—5:1 the witnesses and editions vary betw. the indefinite ἑ. a festival and ἡ ἑ. the festival (for the attestation and interpr. s. Hdb. ad loc.; JUbbink, NThSt 5, 1922, 131–36). Simply ἑ. of the feast of Tabernacles PtK 2 p. 14, 29.—ἐν τ. ἑ. during the festival (Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 20, 109 ἐν ἑ.) Mt 26:5; Mk 14:2; J 4:45; 7:11; 12:20; εἶναι ἐν τ. ἑορτῇ take part in the festival 2:23 (CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 157–88—also Mk 14:2, Mt 26:5, J 7:11). εἰς τ. ἑορτήν for the festival 13:29 (cp. BGU 596, 7 [84 A.D.] ὅπως εἰς τ. ἑορτὴν περιστερείδια ἡμεῖν ἀγοράσῃ). ἀναβαίνειν (i.e. to Jerusalem) εἰς τ. ἑ. 7:8, 10 (cp. BGU 48, 18 ἐὰν ἀναβῇς τῇ ἑορτῇ); ἔρχεσθαι εἰς τ. ἑ. (Jos., Bell. 1, 73; 6, 300) 4:45; 11:56; 12:12. τ. ἑορτῆς μεσούσης when the festival was half over 7:14. τ. ἑορτῆς παυσαμένης GPt 14:58. κατὰ ἑορτήν at each (Passover) festival Mt 27:15; Mk 15:6; Lk 23:17 v.l. (should it be limited to the Passover? Any festival at all could be the proper occasion to free a prisoner. Cp. Heliod. 8, 7 p. 227, 6ff Bekker: ἡ δέσποινα … τήμερον ἀφήσειν ἐπηγγείλατο [Theagenes], ἑορτήν τινα πάτριον εὐωχεῖν μέλλουσα ‘the mistress has promised to release [Theagenes], out of intention to celebrate some traditional festival’). κατὰ τὸ ἔθος τ. ἑορτῆς acc. to the custom of the feast Lk 2:42. τ. ἑορτὴν ποιεῖν keep the festival (Ael. Aristid. 29, 4 K.=40 p. 752 D.; Vi. Aesopi G 123 P.; Ex 23:16) Ac 18:21 D. Of a joyous festival (contrast πένθος time of sorrow) Dg 4:5.—DELG. M-M.

m. the bridal procession; both the procession to and from the church (first the maids and women, then the ladies, and the bride, as the chief person, last); and again, the procession of the bride and ladies from the bride’s room (brúðarhús) into the hall, where the men were assembled with the bridegroom. After grace had been said, both in the stofa, to the men, and in the bride’s-bower, to the ladies, two dishes were served; a toast, called Heilags Anda skál or Heilags Anda minni (Holy Ghost’s toast), perhaps a continuation of the heathen Bragarfull, was then given; at this signal the marshal (siðamaðr) went up to the bride’s room and summoned the brides (ladies) to come down to the stofa and join the men; this was the second procession. The bride then sat on the bride’s chair, and every one took his lady, and the feast went on in common. This custom is obsolete, but the word remains: a slow, stately walk, with an air of importance in measured steps, is called in Icel. a ‘bride’s walk,’ like that of brides on a wedding day; [cp. Germ. brautgang.]

sollemnis (less correctly sōlemnis, sollennis, sōlennis, sollempnis), e, adj. [sollus, i. e. totus-annus], prop. that takes place every year; in relig. lang. of solemnities, yearly, annual; hence, in gen.,

Lit., stated, established, appointed:

sollemne, quod omnibus annis praestari debet,

Fest. p. 298 Müll. (cf. anniversarius):

sollemnia sacra dicuntur, quae certis temporibus annisque fleri solent,

id. p. 344 ib.: sacra stata, sollemnia, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. stata, p. 344 ib.; so,

ad sollemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 113 (v. sisto, P. a.):

sacra,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sacrificia,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 14; id. Leg. 2, 14, 35; Liv. 1, 31:

dies festi atque sollemnes,

Cic. Pis. 22, 51:

ab Aequis statum jam ac prope sollemne in singulos annos bellum timebatur,

Liv. 3, 15:

Idus Maiae sollemnes ineundis magistratibus erant,

id. 3, 36:

sollemnis dapes Libare,

Verg. A. 3, 301:

caerimoniae,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1.—

Transf., according as the idea of the religious or that of the established, stated nature of the thing qualified predominates.

With the idea of its religious character predominating, religious, festive, solemn:

suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra,

Lucr. 5, 1162:

sollemni more sacrorum,

id. 1, 96:

religiones,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

iter ad flaminem,

id. ib. 10, 27:

epulae,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ludi,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; cf.:

coetus ludorum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186:

precatio comitiorum,

id. Mur. 1, 1:

omnia sollemnibus verbis dicere,

id. Dom. 47, 122:

sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fleri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

sollemnia vota Reddere,

Verg. E. 5, 74:

ferre sollemnia dona,

id. A. 9, 626:

sollemnis ducere pompas,

id. G. 3, 22:

sollemnis mactare ad aras,

id. A. 2, 202:

dies jure sollemnis mihi, sanctiorque natali,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

fax,

Ov. M. 7, 49:

sollemni voce movere preces,

id. F. 6, 622:

ignis,

id. Tr. 3, 13, 16:

festum sollemne parare,

id. F. 2, 247:

sollemnes ludos celebrare,

id. ib. 5, 597:

habitus,

Liv. 37, 9:

carmen,

id. 33, 31:

epulae,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

sacramentum,

id. H. 1, 55:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque sollemne, quod, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 6, 26.— Comp.:

dies baptismo sollemnior,

Tert. Bapt. 19.— Sup.:

die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. 1, 2:

preces,

App. M. 11, p. 264.—

As subst.: sollemne, is, n., a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, feast, sacrifice, solemn games, a festival, solemnity, etc. (so perh. not in Cic.); sing.:

inter publicum sollemne sponsalibus rite factis,

Liv. 38, 57:

sollemne clavi figendi,

id. 7, 3 fin.:

soli Fidei sollemne instituit,

id. 1, 21; cf. id. 9, 34:

sollemne allatum ex Arcadiā,

festal games, id. 1, 5; cf. id. 1, 9:

Claudio funeris sollemne perinde ac divo Augusto celebratur,

Tac. A. 12, 69; cf. plur. infra:

per sollemne nuptiarum,

Suet. Ner. 28; cf. infra.— Plur.:

sollemnia (Isidis),

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1:

ejus sacri,

Liv. 9, 29; cf. id. 2, 27:

Quinquatruum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

triumphi,

id. ib. 2:

nuptiarum,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

funerum,

id. ib. 3, 6:

tumulo sollemnia mittent,

Verg. A. 6, 380:

referunt,

id. ib. 5, 605; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 208; Juv. 10, 259.—

With the idea of stated, regular character predominant, wonted, common, usual, customary, ordinary (syn.: consuetus, solitus;

freq. only after the Aug. period): prope sollemnis militum lascivia,

Liv. 4, 53, 13:

socer arma Latinus habeto, Imperium sollemne socer,

Verg. A. 12, 193:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 174:

cursus bigarum,

Suet. Dom. 4:

Romanis sollemne viris opus (venatio),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 49:

mihi sollemnis debetur gloria,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 61:

sufficit sollemnem numerum (testium) exaudire,

Dig. 28, 1, 21:

viā sollemni egressi,

the public way, Amm. 20, 4, 9:

Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 103:

spectari sollemne olim erat,

Suet. Aug. 44; Gell. 15, 2, 3:

annua complere sollemnia,

tribute, Amm. 22, 7, 10.—As subst.: sollemne, is, n., usage, custom, practice, etc.:

nostrum illud sollemne servemus, ut, etc.,

usual custom, practice, Cic. Att. 7, 6, 1:

novae nuptae intrantes etiamnum sollemne habent postes adipe attingere,

Plin. 28, 9, 37, § 135.— Plur.:

mos traditus ab antiquis inter cetera sollemnia manet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 14:

proin repeterent sollemnia,

their customary avocations, Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:

testamentum non jure factum dicitur, ubi sollemnia juris defuerunt,

usages, customary formalities, Dig. 28, 3, 1:

testamenti,

ib. 28, 1, 20.—Adverb.:

mutat quadrata rotundis: Insanire putas sollemnia me neque rides,

in the common way, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 101. —Hence, adv.: sollemnĭter ( sollenn-, sōlemn-; very rare; not in Cic.).

(Acc. to II. A. supra.) In a religious or solemn manner, solemnly, = rite:

omnibus (sacris) sollemniter peractis,

Liv. 5, 46: intermissum convivium sollemniter instituit, with pomp or splendor, Just. 12, 13, 6:

lusus, quem sollemniter celebramus,

App. M. 3, p. 134, 13.—

(Acc. to II. B. supra.) According to custom, in the usual or customary manner, regularly, formally:

(greges elephantorum) se purificantes sollemniter aquā circumspergi,

Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 2:

praebere hordeum pullis,

Pall. 1, 28 fin.:

jurare,

Dig. 12, 2, 3:

cavere,

ib. 26, 7, 27:

acta omnia,

ib. 45, 1, 30:

nullo sollemniter inquirente,

Amm. 14, 7, 21:

transmisso sollemniter Tigride,

id. 20, 6, 1.— Comp. and sup. of adj. (late Lat.); v. supra, II. A. No comp. and sup. of adv.

sollemnis (less correctly sōlemnis, sollennis, sōlennis, sollempnis), e, adj. [sollus, i. e. totus-annus], prop. that takes place every year; in relig. lang. of solemnities, yearly, annual; hence, in gen.,

Lit., stated, established, appointed:

sollemne, quod omnibus annis praestari debet,

Fest. p. 298 Müll. (cf. anniversarius):

sollemnia sacra dicuntur, quae certis temporibus annisque fleri solent,

id. p. 344 ib.: sacra stata, sollemnia, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. stata, p. 344 ib.; so,

ad sollemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 113 (v. sisto, P. a.):

sacra,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sacrificia,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 14; id. Leg. 2, 14, 35; Liv. 1, 31:

dies festi atque sollemnes,

Cic. Pis. 22, 51:

ab Aequis statum jam ac prope sollemne in singulos annos bellum timebatur,

Liv. 3, 15:

Idus Maiae sollemnes ineundis magistratibus erant,

id. 3, 36:

sollemnis dapes Libare,

Verg. A. 3, 301:

caerimoniae,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1.—

Transf., according as the idea of the religious or that of the established, stated nature of the thing qualified predominates.

With the idea of its religious character predominating, religious, festive, solemn:

suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra,

Lucr. 5, 1162:

sollemni more sacrorum,

id. 1, 96:

religiones,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

iter ad flaminem,

id. ib. 10, 27:

epulae,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ludi,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; cf.:

coetus ludorum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186:

precatio comitiorum,

id. Mur. 1, 1:

omnia sollemnibus verbis dicere,

id. Dom. 47, 122:

sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fleri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

sollemnia vota Reddere,

Verg. E. 5, 74:

ferre sollemnia dona,

id. A. 9, 626:

sollemnis ducere pompas,

id. G. 3, 22:

sollemnis mactare ad aras,

id. A. 2, 202:

dies jure sollemnis mihi, sanctiorque natali,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

fax,

Ov. M. 7, 49:

sollemni voce movere preces,

id. F. 6, 622:

ignis,

id. Tr. 3, 13, 16:

festum sollemne parare,

id. F. 2, 247:

sollemnes ludos celebrare,

id. ib. 5, 597:

habitus,

Liv. 37, 9:

carmen,

id. 33, 31:

epulae,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

sacramentum,

id. H. 1, 55:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque sollemne, quod, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 6, 26.— Comp.:

dies baptismo sollemnior,

Tert. Bapt. 19.— Sup.:

die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. 1, 2:

preces,

App. M. 11, p. 264.—

As subst.: sollemne, is, n., a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, feast, sacrifice, solemn games, a festival, solemnity, etc. (so perh. not in Cic.); sing.:

inter publicum sollemne sponsalibus rite factis,

Liv. 38, 57:

sollemne clavi figendi,

id. 7, 3 fin.:

soli Fidei sollemne instituit,

id. 1, 21; cf. id. 9, 34:

sollemne allatum ex Arcadiā,

festal games, id. 1, 5; cf. id. 1, 9:

Claudio funeris sollemne perinde ac divo Augusto celebratur,

Tac. A. 12, 69; cf. plur. infra:

per sollemne nuptiarum,

Suet. Ner. 28; cf. infra.— Plur.:

sollemnia (Isidis),

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1:

ejus sacri,

Liv. 9, 29; cf. id. 2, 27:

Quinquatruum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

triumphi,

id. ib. 2:

nuptiarum,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

funerum,

id. ib. 3, 6:

tumulo sollemnia mittent,

Verg. A. 6, 380:

referunt,

id. ib. 5, 605; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 208; Juv. 10, 259.—

With the idea of stated, regular character predominant, wonted, common, usual, customary, ordinary (syn.: consuetus, solitus;

freq. only after the Aug. period): prope sollemnis militum lascivia,

Liv. 4, 53, 13:

socer arma Latinus habeto, Imperium sollemne socer,

Verg. A. 12, 193:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 174:

cursus bigarum,

Suet. Dom. 4:

Romanis sollemne viris opus (venatio),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 49:

mihi sollemnis debetur gloria,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 61:

sufficit sollemnem numerum (testium) exaudire,

Dig. 28, 1, 21:

viā sollemni egressi,

the public way, Amm. 20, 4, 9:

Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 103:

spectari sollemne olim erat,

Suet. Aug. 44; Gell. 15, 2, 3:

annua complere sollemnia,

tribute, Amm. 22, 7, 10.—As subst.: sollemne, is, n., usage, custom, practice, etc.:

nostrum illud sollemne servemus, ut, etc.,

usual custom, practice, Cic. Att. 7, 6, 1:

novae nuptae intrantes etiamnum sollemne habent postes adipe attingere,

Plin. 28, 9, 37, § 135.— Plur.:

mos traditus ab antiquis inter cetera sollemnia manet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 14:

proin repeterent sollemnia,

their customary avocations, Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:

testamentum non jure factum dicitur, ubi sollemnia juris defuerunt,

usages, customary formalities, Dig. 28, 3, 1:

testamenti,

ib. 28, 1, 20.—Adverb.:

mutat quadrata rotundis: Insanire putas sollemnia me neque rides,

in the common way, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 101. —Hence, adv.: sollemnĭter ( sollenn-, sōlemn-; very rare; not in Cic.).

(Acc. to II. A. supra.) In a religious or solemn manner, solemnly, = rite:

omnibus (sacris) sollemniter peractis,

Liv. 5, 46: intermissum convivium sollemniter instituit, with pomp or splendor, Just. 12, 13, 6:

lusus, quem sollemniter celebramus,

App. M. 3, p. 134, 13.—

(Acc. to II. B. supra.) According to custom, in the usual or customary manner, regularly, formally:

(greges elephantorum) se purificantes sollemniter aquā circumspergi,

Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 2:

praebere hordeum pullis,

Pall. 1, 28 fin.:

jurare,

Dig. 12, 2, 3:

cavere,

ib. 26, 7, 27:

acta omnia,

ib. 45, 1, 30:

nullo sollemniter inquirente,

Amm. 14, 7, 21:

transmisso sollemniter Tigride,

id. 20, 6, 1.— Comp. and sup. of adj. (late Lat.); v. supra, II. A. No comp. and sup. of adv.

sollemnis (less correctly sōlemnis, sollennis, sōlennis, sollempnis), e, adj. [sollus, i. e. totus-annus], prop. that takes place every year; in relig. lang. of solemnities, yearly, annual; hence, in gen.,

Lit., stated, established, appointed:

sollemne, quod omnibus annis praestari debet,

Fest. p. 298 Müll. (cf. anniversarius):

sollemnia sacra dicuntur, quae certis temporibus annisque fleri solent,

id. p. 344 ib.: sacra stata, sollemnia, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. stata, p. 344 ib.; so,

ad sollemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 113 (v. sisto, P. a.):

sacra,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sacrificia,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 14; id. Leg. 2, 14, 35; Liv. 1, 31:

dies festi atque sollemnes,

Cic. Pis. 22, 51:

ab Aequis statum jam ac prope sollemne in singulos annos bellum timebatur,

Liv. 3, 15:

Idus Maiae sollemnes ineundis magistratibus erant,

id. 3, 36:

sollemnis dapes Libare,

Verg. A. 3, 301:

caerimoniae,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1.—

Transf., according as the idea of the religious or that of the established, stated nature of the thing qualified predominates.

With the idea of its religious character predominating, religious, festive, solemn:

suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra,

Lucr. 5, 1162:

sollemni more sacrorum,

id. 1, 96:

religiones,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

iter ad flaminem,

id. ib. 10, 27:

epulae,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ludi,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; cf.:

coetus ludorum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186:

precatio comitiorum,

id. Mur. 1, 1:

omnia sollemnibus verbis dicere,

id. Dom. 47, 122:

sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fleri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

sollemnia vota Reddere,

Verg. E. 5, 74:

ferre sollemnia dona,

id. A. 9, 626:

sollemnis ducere pompas,

id. G. 3, 22:

sollemnis mactare ad aras,

id. A. 2, 202:

dies jure sollemnis mihi, sanctiorque natali,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

fax,

Ov. M. 7, 49:

sollemni voce movere preces,

id. F. 6, 622:

ignis,

id. Tr. 3, 13, 16:

festum sollemne parare,

id. F. 2, 247:

sollemnes ludos celebrare,

id. ib. 5, 597:

habitus,

Liv. 37, 9:

carmen,

id. 33, 31:

epulae,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

sacramentum,

id. H. 1, 55:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque sollemne, quod, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 6, 26.— Comp.:

dies baptismo sollemnior,

Tert. Bapt. 19.— Sup.:

die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. 1, 2:

preces,

App. M. 11, p. 264.—

As subst.: sollemne, is, n., a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, feast, sacrifice, solemn games, a festival, solemnity, etc. (so perh. not in Cic.); sing.:

inter publicum sollemne sponsalibus rite factis,

Liv. 38, 57:

sollemne clavi figendi,

id. 7, 3 fin.:

soli Fidei sollemne instituit,

id. 1, 21; cf. id. 9, 34:

sollemne allatum ex Arcadiā,

festal games, id. 1, 5; cf. id. 1, 9:

Claudio funeris sollemne perinde ac divo Augusto celebratur,

Tac. A. 12, 69; cf. plur. infra:

per sollemne nuptiarum,

Suet. Ner. 28; cf. infra.— Plur.:

sollemnia (Isidis),

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1:

ejus sacri,

Liv. 9, 29; cf. id. 2, 27:

Quinquatruum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

triumphi,

id. ib. 2:

nuptiarum,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

funerum,

id. ib. 3, 6:

tumulo sollemnia mittent,

Verg. A. 6, 380:

referunt,

id. ib. 5, 605; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 208; Juv. 10, 259.—

With the idea of stated, regular character predominant, wonted, common, usual, customary, ordinary (syn.: consuetus, solitus;

freq. only after the Aug. period): prope sollemnis militum lascivia,

Liv. 4, 53, 13:

socer arma Latinus habeto, Imperium sollemne socer,

Verg. A. 12, 193:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 174:

cursus bigarum,

Suet. Dom. 4:

Romanis sollemne viris opus (venatio),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 49:

mihi sollemnis debetur gloria,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 61:

sufficit sollemnem numerum (testium) exaudire,

Dig. 28, 1, 21:

viā sollemni egressi,

the public way, Amm. 20, 4, 9:

Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 103:

spectari sollemne olim erat,

Suet. Aug. 44; Gell. 15, 2, 3:

annua complere sollemnia,

tribute, Amm. 22, 7, 10.—As subst.: sollemne, is, n., usage, custom, practice, etc.:

nostrum illud sollemne servemus, ut, etc.,

usual custom, practice, Cic. Att. 7, 6, 1:

novae nuptae intrantes etiamnum sollemne habent postes adipe attingere,

Plin. 28, 9, 37, § 135.— Plur.:

mos traditus ab antiquis inter cetera sollemnia manet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 14:

proin repeterent sollemnia,

their customary avocations, Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:

testamentum non jure factum dicitur, ubi sollemnia juris defuerunt,

usages, customary formalities, Dig. 28, 3, 1:

testamenti,

ib. 28, 1, 20.—Adverb.:

mutat quadrata rotundis: Insanire putas sollemnia me neque rides,

in the common way, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 101. —Hence, adv.: sollemnĭter ( sollenn-, sōlemn-; very rare; not in Cic.).

(Acc. to II. A. supra.) In a religious or solemn manner, solemnly, = rite:

omnibus (sacris) sollemniter peractis,

Liv. 5, 46: intermissum convivium sollemniter instituit, with pomp or splendor, Just. 12, 13, 6:

lusus, quem sollemniter celebramus,

App. M. 3, p. 134, 13.—

(Acc. to II. B. supra.) According to custom, in the usual or customary manner, regularly, formally:

(greges elephantorum) se purificantes sollemniter aquā circumspergi,

Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 2:

praebere hordeum pullis,

Pall. 1, 28 fin.:

jurare,

Dig. 12, 2, 3:

cavere,

ib. 26, 7, 27:

acta omnia,

ib. 45, 1, 30:

nullo sollemniter inquirente,

Amm. 14, 7, 21:

transmisso sollemniter Tigride,

id. 20, 6, 1.— Comp. and sup. of adj. (late Lat.); v. supra, II. A. No comp. and sup. of adv.

sollemnis (less correctly sōlemnis, sollennis, sōlennis, sollempnis), e, adj. [sollus, i. e. totus-annus], prop. that takes place every year; in relig. lang. of solemnities, yearly, annual; hence, in gen.,

Lit., stated, established, appointed:

sollemne, quod omnibus annis praestari debet,

Fest. p. 298 Müll. (cf. anniversarius):

sollemnia sacra dicuntur, quae certis temporibus annisque fleri solent,

id. p. 344 ib.: sacra stata, sollemnia, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. stata, p. 344 ib.; so,

ad sollemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 113 (v. sisto, P. a.):

sacra,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sacrificia,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 14; id. Leg. 2, 14, 35; Liv. 1, 31:

dies festi atque sollemnes,

Cic. Pis. 22, 51:

ab Aequis statum jam ac prope sollemne in singulos annos bellum timebatur,

Liv. 3, 15:

Idus Maiae sollemnes ineundis magistratibus erant,

id. 3, 36:

sollemnis dapes Libare,

Verg. A. 3, 301:

caerimoniae,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1.—

Transf., according as the idea of the religious or that of the established, stated nature of the thing qualified predominates.

With the idea of its religious character predominating, religious, festive, solemn:

suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra,

Lucr. 5, 1162:

sollemni more sacrorum,

id. 1, 96:

religiones,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

iter ad flaminem,

id. ib. 10, 27:

epulae,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ludi,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; cf.:

coetus ludorum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186:

precatio comitiorum,

id. Mur. 1, 1:

omnia sollemnibus verbis dicere,

id. Dom. 47, 122:

sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fleri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

sollemnia vota Reddere,

Verg. E. 5, 74:

ferre sollemnia dona,

id. A. 9, 626:

sollemnis ducere pompas,

id. G. 3, 22:

sollemnis mactare ad aras,

id. A. 2, 202:

dies jure sollemnis mihi, sanctiorque natali,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

fax,

Ov. M. 7, 49:

sollemni voce movere preces,

id. F. 6, 622:

ignis,

id. Tr. 3, 13, 16:

festum sollemne parare,

id. F. 2, 247:

sollemnes ludos celebrare,

id. ib. 5, 597:

habitus,

Liv. 37, 9:

carmen,

id. 33, 31:

epulae,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

sacramentum,

id. H. 1, 55:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque sollemne, quod, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 6, 26.— Comp.:

dies baptismo sollemnior,

Tert. Bapt. 19.— Sup.:

die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. 1, 2:

preces,

App. M. 11, p. 264.—

As subst.: sollemne, is, n., a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, feast, sacrifice, solemn games, a festival, solemnity, etc. (so perh. not in Cic.); sing.:

inter publicum sollemne sponsalibus rite factis,

Liv. 38, 57:

sollemne clavi figendi,

id. 7, 3 fin.:

soli Fidei sollemne instituit,

id. 1, 21; cf. id. 9, 34:

sollemne allatum ex Arcadiā,

festal games, id. 1, 5; cf. id. 1, 9:

Claudio funeris sollemne perinde ac divo Augusto celebratur,

Tac. A. 12, 69; cf. plur. infra:

per sollemne nuptiarum,

Suet. Ner. 28; cf. infra.— Plur.:

sollemnia (Isidis),

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1:

ejus sacri,

Liv. 9, 29; cf. id. 2, 27:

Quinquatruum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

triumphi,

id. ib. 2:

nuptiarum,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

funerum,

id. ib. 3, 6:

tumulo sollemnia mittent,

Verg. A. 6, 380:

referunt,

id. ib. 5, 605; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 208; Juv. 10, 259.—

With the idea of stated, regular character predominant, wonted, common, usual, customary, ordinary (syn.: consuetus, solitus;

freq. only after the Aug. period): prope sollemnis militum lascivia,

Liv. 4, 53, 13:

socer arma Latinus habeto, Imperium sollemne socer,

Verg. A. 12, 193:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 174:

cursus bigarum,

Suet. Dom. 4:

Romanis sollemne viris opus (venatio),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 49:

mihi sollemnis debetur gloria,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 61:

sufficit sollemnem numerum (testium) exaudire,

Dig. 28, 1, 21:

viā sollemni egressi,

the public way, Amm. 20, 4, 9:

Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 103:

spectari sollemne olim erat,

Suet. Aug. 44; Gell. 15, 2, 3:

annua complere sollemnia,

tribute, Amm. 22, 7, 10.—As subst.: sollemne, is, n., usage, custom, practice, etc.:

nostrum illud sollemne servemus, ut, etc.,

usual custom, practice, Cic. Att. 7, 6, 1:

novae nuptae intrantes etiamnum sollemne habent postes adipe attingere,

Plin. 28, 9, 37, § 135.— Plur.:

mos traditus ab antiquis inter cetera sollemnia manet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 14:

proin repeterent sollemnia,

their customary avocations, Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:

testamentum non jure factum dicitur, ubi sollemnia juris defuerunt,

usages, customary formalities, Dig. 28, 3, 1:

testamenti,

ib. 28, 1, 20.—Adverb.:

mutat quadrata rotundis: Insanire putas sollemnia me neque rides,

in the common way, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 101. —Hence, adv.: sollemnĭter ( sollenn-, sōlemn-; very rare; not in Cic.).

(Acc. to II. A. supra.) In a religious or solemn manner, solemnly, = rite:

omnibus (sacris) sollemniter peractis,

Liv. 5, 46: intermissum convivium sollemniter instituit, with pomp or splendor, Just. 12, 13, 6:

lusus, quem sollemniter celebramus,

App. M. 3, p. 134, 13.—

(Acc. to II. B. supra.) According to custom, in the usual or customary manner, regularly, formally:

(greges elephantorum) se purificantes sollemniter aquā circumspergi,

Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 2:

praebere hordeum pullis,

Pall. 1, 28 fin.:

jurare,

Dig. 12, 2, 3:

cavere,

ib. 26, 7, 27:

acta omnia,

ib. 45, 1, 30:

nullo sollemniter inquirente,

Amm. 14, 7, 21:

transmisso sollemniter Tigride,

id. 20, 6, 1.— Comp. and sup. of adj. (late Lat.); v. supra, II. A. No comp. and sup. of adv.

sollemnis (less correctly sōlemnis, sollennis, sōlennis, sollempnis), e, adj. [sollus, i. e. totus-annus], prop. that takes place every year; in relig. lang. of solemnities, yearly, annual; hence, in gen.,

Lit., stated, established, appointed:

sollemne, quod omnibus annis praestari debet,

Fest. p. 298 Müll. (cf. anniversarius):

sollemnia sacra dicuntur, quae certis temporibus annisque fleri solent,

id. p. 344 ib.: sacra stata, sollemnia, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. stata, p. 344 ib.; so,

ad sollemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 113 (v. sisto, P. a.):

sacra,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sacrificia,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 14; id. Leg. 2, 14, 35; Liv. 1, 31:

dies festi atque sollemnes,

Cic. Pis. 22, 51:

ab Aequis statum jam ac prope sollemne in singulos annos bellum timebatur,

Liv. 3, 15:

Idus Maiae sollemnes ineundis magistratibus erant,

id. 3, 36:

sollemnis dapes Libare,

Verg. A. 3, 301:

caerimoniae,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1.—

Transf., according as the idea of the religious or that of the established, stated nature of the thing qualified predominates.

With the idea of its religious character predominating, religious, festive, solemn:

suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra,

Lucr. 5, 1162:

sollemni more sacrorum,

id. 1, 96:

religiones,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

iter ad flaminem,

id. ib. 10, 27:

epulae,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ludi,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; cf.:

coetus ludorum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186:

precatio comitiorum,

id. Mur. 1, 1:

omnia sollemnibus verbis dicere,

id. Dom. 47, 122:

sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fleri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

sollemnia vota Reddere,

Verg. E. 5, 74:

ferre sollemnia dona,

id. A. 9, 626:

sollemnis ducere pompas,

id. G. 3, 22:

sollemnis mactare ad aras,

id. A. 2, 202:

dies jure sollemnis mihi, sanctiorque natali,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

fax,

Ov. M. 7, 49:

sollemni voce movere preces,

id. F. 6, 622:

ignis,

id. Tr. 3, 13, 16:

festum sollemne parare,

id. F. 2, 247:

sollemnes ludos celebrare,

id. ib. 5, 597:

habitus,

Liv. 37, 9:

carmen,

id. 33, 31:

epulae,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

sacramentum,

id. H. 1, 55:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque sollemne, quod, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 6, 26.— Comp.:

dies baptismo sollemnior,

Tert. Bapt. 19.— Sup.:

die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. 1, 2:

preces,

App. M. 11, p. 264.—

As subst.: sollemne, is, n., a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, feast, sacrifice, solemn games, a festival, solemnity, etc. (so perh. not in Cic.); sing.:

inter publicum sollemne sponsalibus rite factis,

Liv. 38, 57:

sollemne clavi figendi,

id. 7, 3 fin.:

soli Fidei sollemne instituit,

id. 1, 21; cf. id. 9, 34:

sollemne allatum ex Arcadiā,

festal games, id. 1, 5; cf. id. 1, 9:

Claudio funeris sollemne perinde ac divo Augusto celebratur,

Tac. A. 12, 69; cf. plur. infra:

per sollemne nuptiarum,

Suet. Ner. 28; cf. infra.— Plur.:

sollemnia (Isidis),

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1:

ejus sacri,

Liv. 9, 29; cf. id. 2, 27:

Quinquatruum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

triumphi,

id. ib. 2:

nuptiarum,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

funerum,

id. ib. 3, 6:

tumulo sollemnia mittent,

Verg. A. 6, 380:

referunt,

id. ib. 5, 605; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 208; Juv. 10, 259.—

With the idea of stated, regular character predominant, wonted, common, usual, customary, ordinary (syn.: consuetus, solitus;

freq. only after the Aug. period): prope sollemnis militum lascivia,

Liv. 4, 53, 13:

socer arma Latinus habeto, Imperium sollemne socer,

Verg. A. 12, 193:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 174:

cursus bigarum,

Suet. Dom. 4:

Romanis sollemne viris opus (venatio),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 49:

mihi sollemnis debetur gloria,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 61:

sufficit sollemnem numerum (testium) exaudire,

Dig. 28, 1, 21:

viā sollemni egressi,

the public way, Amm. 20, 4, 9:

Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 103:

spectari sollemne olim erat,

Suet. Aug. 44; Gell. 15, 2, 3:

annua complere sollemnia,

tribute, Amm. 22, 7, 10.—As subst.: sollemne, is, n., usage, custom, practice, etc.:

nostrum illud sollemne servemus, ut, etc.,

usual custom, practice, Cic. Att. 7, 6, 1:

novae nuptae intrantes etiamnum sollemne habent postes adipe attingere,

Plin. 28, 9, 37, § 135.— Plur.:

mos traditus ab antiquis inter cetera sollemnia manet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 14:

proin repeterent sollemnia,

their customary avocations, Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:

testamentum non jure factum dicitur, ubi sollemnia juris defuerunt,

usages, customary formalities, Dig. 28, 3, 1:

testamenti,

ib. 28, 1, 20.—Adverb.:

mutat quadrata rotundis: Insanire putas sollemnia me neque rides,

in the common way, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 101. —Hence, adv.: sollemnĭter ( sollenn-, sōlemn-; very rare; not in Cic.).

(Acc. to II. A. supra.) In a religious or solemn manner, solemnly, = rite:

omnibus (sacris) sollemniter peractis,

Liv. 5, 46: intermissum convivium sollemniter instituit, with pomp or splendor, Just. 12, 13, 6:

lusus, quem sollemniter celebramus,

App. M. 3, p. 134, 13.—

(Acc. to II. B. supra.) According to custom, in the usual or customary manner, regularly, formally:

(greges elephantorum) se purificantes sollemniter aquā circumspergi,

Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 2:

praebere hordeum pullis,

Pall. 1, 28 fin.:

jurare,

Dig. 12, 2, 3:

cavere,

ib. 26, 7, 27:

acta omnia,

ib. 45, 1, 30:

nullo sollemniter inquirente,

Amm. 14, 7, 21:

transmisso sollemniter Tigride,

id. 20, 6, 1.— Comp. and sup. of adj. (late Lat.); v. supra, II. A. No comp. and sup. of adv.

sollemnis (less correctly sōlemnis, sollennis, sōlennis, sollempnis), e, adj. [sollus, i. e. totus-annus], prop. that takes place every year; in relig. lang. of solemnities, yearly, annual; hence, in gen.,

Lit., stated, established, appointed:

sollemne, quod omnibus annis praestari debet,

Fest. p. 298 Müll. (cf. anniversarius):

sollemnia sacra dicuntur, quae certis temporibus annisque fleri solent,

id. p. 344 ib.: sacra stata, sollemnia, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. stata, p. 344 ib.; so,

ad sollemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 113 (v. sisto, P. a.):

sacra,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sacrificia,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 14; id. Leg. 2, 14, 35; Liv. 1, 31:

dies festi atque sollemnes,

Cic. Pis. 22, 51:

ab Aequis statum jam ac prope sollemne in singulos annos bellum timebatur,

Liv. 3, 15:

Idus Maiae sollemnes ineundis magistratibus erant,

id. 3, 36:

sollemnis dapes Libare,

Verg. A. 3, 301:

caerimoniae,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1.—

Transf., according as the idea of the religious or that of the established, stated nature of the thing qualified predominates.

With the idea of its religious character predominating, religious, festive, solemn:

suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra,

Lucr. 5, 1162:

sollemni more sacrorum,

id. 1, 96:

religiones,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

iter ad flaminem,

id. ib. 10, 27:

epulae,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ludi,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; cf.:

coetus ludorum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186:

precatio comitiorum,

id. Mur. 1, 1:

omnia sollemnibus verbis dicere,

id. Dom. 47, 122:

sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fleri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

sollemnia vota Reddere,

Verg. E. 5, 74:

ferre sollemnia dona,

id. A. 9, 626:

sollemnis ducere pompas,

id. G. 3, 22:

sollemnis mactare ad aras,

id. A. 2, 202:

dies jure sollemnis mihi, sanctiorque natali,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

fax,

Ov. M. 7, 49:

sollemni voce movere preces,

id. F. 6, 622:

ignis,

id. Tr. 3, 13, 16:

festum sollemne parare,

id. F. 2, 247:

sollemnes ludos celebrare,

id. ib. 5, 597:

habitus,

Liv. 37, 9:

carmen,

id. 33, 31:

epulae,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

sacramentum,

id. H. 1, 55:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque sollemne, quod, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 6, 26.— Comp.:

dies baptismo sollemnior,

Tert. Bapt. 19.— Sup.:

die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. 1, 2:

preces,

App. M. 11, p. 264.—

As subst.: sollemne, is, n., a religious or solemn rite, ceremony, feast, sacrifice, solemn games, a festival, solemnity, etc. (so perh. not in Cic.); sing.:

inter publicum sollemne sponsalibus rite factis,

Liv. 38, 57:

sollemne clavi figendi,

id. 7, 3 fin.:

soli Fidei sollemne instituit,

id. 1, 21; cf. id. 9, 34:

sollemne allatum ex Arcadiā,

festal games, id. 1, 5; cf. id. 1, 9:

Claudio funeris sollemne perinde ac divo Augusto celebratur,

Tac. A. 12, 69; cf. plur. infra:

per sollemne nuptiarum,

Suet. Ner. 28; cf. infra.— Plur.:

sollemnia (Isidis),

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1:

ejus sacri,

Liv. 9, 29; cf. id. 2, 27:

Quinquatruum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

triumphi,

id. ib. 2:

nuptiarum,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

funerum,

id. ib. 3, 6:

tumulo sollemnia mittent,

Verg. A. 6, 380:

referunt,

id. ib. 5, 605; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 208; Juv. 10, 259.—

With the idea of stated, regular character predominant, wonted, common, usual, customary, ordinary (syn.: consuetus, solitus;

freq. only after the Aug. period): prope sollemnis militum lascivia,

Liv. 4, 53, 13:

socer arma Latinus habeto, Imperium sollemne socer,

Verg. A. 12, 193:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 174:

cursus bigarum,

Suet. Dom. 4:

Romanis sollemne viris opus (venatio),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 49:

mihi sollemnis debetur gloria,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 61:

sufficit sollemnem numerum (testium) exaudire,

Dig. 28, 1, 21:

viā sollemni egressi,

the public way, Amm. 20, 4, 9:

Romae dulce diu fuit et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 103:

spectari sollemne olim erat,

Suet. Aug. 44; Gell. 15, 2, 3:

annua complere sollemnia,

tribute, Amm. 22, 7, 10.—As subst.: sollemne, is, n., usage, custom, practice, etc.:

nostrum illud sollemne servemus, ut, etc.,

usual custom, practice, Cic. Att. 7, 6, 1:

novae nuptae intrantes etiamnum sollemne habent postes adipe attingere,

Plin. 28, 9, 37, § 135.— Plur.:

mos traditus ab antiquis inter cetera sollemnia manet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 14:

proin repeterent sollemnia,

their customary avocations, Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:

testamentum non jure factum dicitur, ubi sollemnia juris defuerunt,

usages, customary formalities, Dig. 28, 3, 1:

testamenti,

ib. 28, 1, 20.—Adverb.:

mutat quadrata rotundis: Insanire putas sollemnia me neque rides,

in the common way, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 101. —Hence, adv.: sollemnĭter ( sollenn-, sōlemn-; very rare; not in Cic.).

(Acc. to II. A. supra.) In a religious or solemn manner, solemnly, = rite:

omnibus (sacris) sollemniter peractis,

Liv. 5, 46: intermissum convivium sollemniter instituit, with pomp or splendor, Just. 12, 13, 6:

lusus, quem sollemniter celebramus,

App. M. 3, p. 134, 13.—

(Acc. to II. B. supra.) According to custom, in the usual or customary manner, regularly, formally:

(greges elephantorum) se purificantes sollemniter aquā circumspergi,

Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 2:

praebere hordeum pullis,

Pall. 1, 28 fin.:

jurare,

Dig. 12, 2, 3:

cavere,

ib. 26, 7, 27:

acta omnia,

ib. 45, 1, 30:

nullo sollemniter inquirente,

Amm. 14, 7, 21:

transmisso sollemniter Tigride,

id. 20, 6, 1.— Comp. and sup. of adj. (late Lat.); v. supra, II. A. No comp. and sup. of adv.

(gen. -s or -jar, pl. -ir), m. bench; œðri bekkr, the upper bench (along the north side of the hall, looking towards the sun); úœðri bekkr, the lower (inferior) bench (along the southern side); breiða, strá bekki, to cover, strew the benches (in preparation for a feast or wedding).

(gen. -s or -jar, pl. -ir), m. beck, brook (poet.).

* * *

jar, m. pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, dat. jum, [A. S. benc; Engl. bench, bank; Germ. bank; Dan. bænk; Icel. per assimil. kk; the Span. banco is of Teut. origin]

1. a bench, esp. of the long benches in an old hall used instead of chairs; the north side of a hall (that looking towards the sun) was called æðri bekkr, the upper bench (Gl. 337, Ld. 294); the southern side úæðri bekkr, the lower (inferior) bench, Nj. 32, Eg. 547, Fms. iv. 439, xi. 70, Glúm. 336, Ld. l. c.; thus sitja á enn æðra or úæðra bekk is a standing phrase: the placing of the benches differed in Icel. and Norway, and in each country at various times; as regards the Icel. custom vide Nj. ch. 34, Sturl. i. 20, 21, the banquet at Reykhólar, A. D. 1120, ii. 182, the nuptials at Flugumýri, Lv. ch. 13, Ld. ch. 68, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, Ísl. ii. 250, cp. Nj. 220: á báða bekki, on both sides of the ball, Ísl. ii. 348, cp. Gísl. 41 (in a verse), etc.: as to foreign (Norse) customs, vide esp. Fagrsk. ch. 216, cp. Fms. vi. 390, xi. (Jómsv. S.) 70, Glúm. ch. 6, Orkn. ch. 70, Sturl. ii. 126; see more minutely under the words skáli, öndvegi, pallr, etc.; breiða, strá bekki, is to strew or cover the benches in preparing for a feast or wedding; bekki breiði (imper. pl., MS. breiða), dress the benches! Alvm. 1; bekki at strá, Em. verse 1; standit upp jötnar ok stráit bekki, Þkv. 22; brynjum um bekki stráð, the benches (wainscots?) covered with coats of mail, Gm. 44: in these phrases bekkir seems to be a collective name for the hall, the walls of which were covered with tapestry, the floor with straw, as in the Old Engl. halls. The passage Vtkv. 10—hveim eru bekkir baugum sánir—is dubious (stráðir?); búa bekki, to dress the benches; er Baldrs feðr bekki búna veit ek at sumblum, Km. 25; breitt var á bekki, brúðr sat á stól, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 466; vide brúðarbekkr.

COMPDS: bekkjarbót, bekkjargjöf.

2. as a law term, cp. Engl. bench; the benches in the lögrétta in Icel. were, however, usually called pallr, v. the Grág.

3. the coloured stripes in a piece of stuff.

s, and jar, m. [North. E. beck; Germ. bach; Dan. bæk; Swed. bäck], a rivulet, brook. In Icel. the word is only poët. and very rare; the common word even in local names of the 10th century is lækr (Lækjar-bugr, -óss, etc.); Sökkva-bekkr, Edda, is a mythical and pre-Icel. name; in prose bekkr may occur as a Norse idiom, Fms. vi. 164, 335, viii. 8, 217, Jb. 268, or in Norse laws as in Gþl. 418. At present it is hardly understood in Icel. and looked upon as a Danism. The phrase—þar er (breiðr) bekkr á milli, there is a beck between, of two persons separated so as to be out of each other’s reach—may be a single exception; perhaps the metaphor is taken from some popular belief like that recorded in the Lay of the Last Minstrel, note to 3. 13, and in Burns’Tam o’ Shanter—‘a running stream they dare na cross;’ some hint of a like belief in Icel. might be in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 356. It is now and then used in poetry, as, yfir um Kedrons breiðan bekk, Pass. 1. 15.

COMPDS: bekkjarkvern, bekkjarrás.

〈de〉

1 [achting, roem] honour ⇒ respect

2 [eerbetoon, hulde] honour(s) ⇒ credit

3 [kuisheid] honour ⇒ virtue, modesty

♦voorbeelden:

1   de eer aan zichzelf houden • take the honourable way out

     de eer redden • save one's face

     het is mijn eer te na • I have my pride

     aan u de eer (om te beginnen) • you have the honour (of starting)

     iets/het aan zijn eer verplicht zijn • be honour bound

     in eer en aanzien leven • be held in high esteem

     iemand in zijn eer herstellen • clear someone's name

     iets in ere herstellen • 〈 principe〉 restore (a principle), reinstate (a custom)

     iemand in ere houden • hold someone's memory dear, cherish someone's memory

     een dag/gebruik in ere houden • observe a (feast) day, keep up a custom

     iemand in zijn eer (aan)tasten • hurt someone's pride

     naar eer en geweten antwoorden • answer to the best of one's knowledge

     op mijn (woord van) eer • I give you my word (of honour)

2   iemand de laatste eer bewijzen • pay someone one's last respects

     zijn naam eer aandoen • be a credit to one's family

     de tafel eer aandoen • do justice to the meal

     er is geen eer aan te behalen • 〈 van iemand〉 good advice is thrown away on him; 〈 van iets〉 little (credit) can be gained by it

     eer behalen met • gain credit by

     de (over)winnaar eer bewijzen • pay tribute to the winner

     de/geen eer van iets hebben • receive credit/no credit for something

     hem komt alle eer toe • he deserves all the credit

     er een eer in stellen om • consider it an honour to

     het zal me een (grote/bijzondere) eer zijn • I will be (greatly) honoured

     te zijner ere • in his honour

     ter ere van • in honour of (someone/something)

     dat strekt u niet tot eer • that is not to your credit

     〈 ironisch〉 voor de eer bedanken • decline the honour

     ere zij God • glory to God

     〈 spreekwoord〉 ere wie ere toekomt • give credit where credit is due

3   ze heeft haar eer verloren • she lost her honour/virtue

     in (alle) eer en deugd • in (all) honour and decency

————————

〈 voegwoord〉

1  before ⇒ 〈liever … eer〉 (rather …) than

I) prep.

A. with dative.

I. Of motion;

1) towards, against;

Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;

hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;

2) close atup to;

Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;

þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;

3) to, at;

koma at landi, to come to land;

ganga at dómi, to go into court;

4) along (= eptir);

ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;

dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;

refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;

5) denoting hostility;

renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;

gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;

6) around;

vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;

bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;

7) denoting business, engagement;

ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;

fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.

II. Of position, &c.;

1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;

at kirkju, at church;

at dómi, in court;

at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;

2) denoting participation in;

vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;

vera at vígi, to be an accessory in man-slaying;

3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;

kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;

var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;

4) with proper names of places (farms);

konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;

biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;

at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;

5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;

at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;

at Marðar, at Mara’s home;

at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;

at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).

III. Of time;

1) at, in;

at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;

at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;

at páskum, at Easter;

at kveldi, at eventide;

at þinglausnum, at the close of the Assembly;

at fjöru, at the ebb;

at flœðum, at the floodtide;

2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;

at ári komanda, next year;

at vári, er kemr, next spring;

generally with ‘komanda’ understood;

at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;

3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;

at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;

at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;

at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;

at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;

at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;

at honum önduðum, after his death;

4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;

hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;

skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;

at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.

IV. fig. and in various uses;

1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;

brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;

verða at ormi, to become a snake;

2) for, as;

gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;

eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;

3) by;

taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;

draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;

kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;

4) as regards as to;

auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;

vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;

5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;

ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;

6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;

faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);

aðili at sök = aðili sakar;

7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;

hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;

mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;

tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;

kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;

8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;

Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);

þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;

hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;

9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);

at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;

at landslögum, by the law of the land;

at vánum, as was to be expected;

at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;

10) in adverbial phrases;

gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;

bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;

at fullu, fully;

at vísu, surely;

at frjálsu, freely;

at eilífu, for ever and ever;

at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;

at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;

at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.

B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);

sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;

eiga féránsdóm at e-n, to hold a court of execution upon a person;

at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;

connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;

at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.

1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;

at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;

2) in an objective sense;

hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;

gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;

3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).

1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;

hón grét at meir, she wept the more;

þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;

þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;

2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);

þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;

sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.

conj., that;

1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;

þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;

vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;

2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;

svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;

3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);

4) since, because, as (= því at);

5) connected with þó, því, svá;

þó at (with subj.), though, although;

því at, because, for;

svá at, so that;

6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;

þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;

þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;

áðr at (= á. en), before;

7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;

Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;

in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.

negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.

n. an incited conflict or fight ( see etja);

odda at, Yggs at, battle.

* * *

and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.

Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.

WITH DAT.

A. LOC.

I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:

1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.

2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.

3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)

4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.

5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.

β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.

6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.

β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.

γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.

7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.

β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.

8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.

β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.

II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.

2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.

3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:

α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.

β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.

γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.

4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.

5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.

6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.

β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.

γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.

7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.

B. TEMP.

I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.

II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.

β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.

III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:

1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,

2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.

IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:

1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.

2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.

3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.

V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.

2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.

C. METAPH. and in various cases:

I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:

α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.

β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.

II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.

2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.

III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.

IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.

2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)

3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.

4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.

5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.

6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.

β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.

V. denoting the source of a thing:

1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.

2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.

VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.

VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.

VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.

β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.

IX. following many words:

1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.

β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …

γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.

δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.

2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.

3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.

WITH ACC.

TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.

☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.

and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.

I. it is used either,

1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,

2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.

β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).

3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.

II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:

α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.

β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.

γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.

δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.

ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.

ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.

η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.

θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.

and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.

I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.

II. it is used,

1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.

2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.

β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.

γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.

III. used in connection with conjunctions,

1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.

α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.

β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.

γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.

2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.

IV. as a relat. conj.:

1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.

2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.

V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.

and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.

n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.

β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.

the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

(gen. vetrar, pl. vetr), m.

1) winter; miðr v., midwinter; í v., this winter; v. verðr mikill, the winter becomes cold, severe; á vetri, í vetri, last winter;

2) year (sextán vetra gamall); tíu vetrum síðarr, ten years later.

* * *

m., gen. vetrar, dat. vetri; pl., nom. and acc. vetr, gen. vetra, dat. vetrum: it was an assimilated form anciently written vettr or vittr, qs. vintr; vitrar or vittrar (gen.), Post. (Unger) 233; vettr is freq., esp. in N. G. L.; double consonants are in vellums difficult to distinguish from single, and so tt may well have been the current form, although the Edd. give the mod. form (vetr): in poets we find, m itt sextigu v ittra, Glúm, (in a verse): vintr occurs in Icel. ballads of the 15th century, see Þryml., Völs. R., Skáld H.R., but here it is merely an imitation of Danish originals, for the word in Icel. always took the assimilated form: [Ulf. wintrus = χειμών and ἔτος; A. S., Engl., and Germ. winter; Dan.-Swed. vinter, for the assimilation of nt into tt did not prevail in the south of Scandinavia, see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1.]

A. A winter; winter, like summer (see sumar), is a calendary period, containing 180 days, or six months of thirty days; the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke’s day (old style), or on St. Luke’s day, if a Saturday. In the Gregorian style, for 1872 and 1873, vetrar-dagr fyrsti, the first winter day = Saturday, the 26th of Oct.; miðr vetr, mid-winter, the 24th of Jan.; síðasti vetrar dagr, the last winter day = Wednesday, the 23rd of April; Laugardagr skal fyrstr vera í vetri, en þaðan skal vera sex mánuðr þrjátigi nátta til sumars, K. Þ. K. 166; vetr kemr laugardaginn er næstr er fyrir Lúkas-messu, en hana sjálfa ef hlaupár ferr eptir, Rb. 490; Drottins-dagr inn fyrsti í vetri skal vera inn þriði frá messu-degi Cosmi ok Damiani, Rb. 434: as a general term, í vetr, this winter, Nj. 4; hafa blót hvern vetr, Ó. H.; Miðr vetr, Mid-winter, see above; miðs vetrar skeið, mid-winter time, Fb. i. 204; miðs vetrar blót, a sacrificial feast at mid-winter, see miðr B; á vetri, or í vetri, see prepp. á and í; mikill vetr, a cold winter, Bs. i. 873; harðr, kaldr, Kominn er kaldr vetr, initial words of a hymn.

II. = a year; as in A. S. days were reckoned by nights (see nótt), so years were counted by winters; in Ulfilas (Matt. ix. 20, Luke ii. 42, viii. 42) ἔτος is rendered by wintrus; and so at present in Icel., a person is so many ‘winters’ old; tólf vetra gamall, K. Þ. K. 134; sextán vetra gamall, Grág. i. 197; and ellipt. leaving out gamall, tólf vetra, Fms. i. 8; tíu vetrum síðarr, 61; sex tigi vetra konungr, Eg. 367; sjau vetr ena ársömu, Ver. 17 (of king Pharaoh’s dream); þeirra var vetrar-munr, difference in age of one year, Dropl. 7; for more references, see tigr B.

III. mythol., Vetr, a giant, the son of Vindsvalr or Vindlóni, Vþm., Edda i. 82.

COMPDS: vetrarblót, vetrarbók, vetrarbraut.

2. astron. the milky way, in Icel. called vetrar-braut, undoubtedly from old heathen times, although the word happens not to occur in old writers; Icel. weather-prophets use in the autumn to forecast the course of the winter, by the appearance of the milky-way; this is evidently a very old custom, whence probably the name, for in old times fortune-telling used to take place at the great autumnal feasts and sacrifices, see the references s. v. völva. vetrar-dagr, m. a winter day, N. G. L. i. 348; á vetrardag, in the winter, Fms. viii. 50, Bs. i. 324, v. l.; fyrsti vetrardagr, D. N. vi. 143, Icel. Almanack. vetrar-far, n. the course of winter; sagði hón (the Sibyl) mönnum forlög sín ok vetrar-far ok aðra hluti, Fas. ii. 506; blótuðu þeir þá til friðar ok vetrarfars góðs, Fms. iv. 235. vetrar-höll, f. the winter hall, D. N. ii. 409. vetrar-langt, n. adj. the winter long, Fms. vii. 25. vetrar-megn, n. the depth of winter;þá var vetrarmegn ok treystisk hann eigi á haf at halda, Eb. 6. vetrar-messa, u, f. ‘winter-mass’ = Oct. 14, D. N. vetrar-myki, f. winter-muck, manure, Gþl. 342. vetrar-nauð, f. ‘winter-need,’ a severe winter, Ísl. ii. 155, Lv. 206. vetrar-nótt, f. a winter’s night; þar skaltú sofa í ina fyrstu v., Fms. xi. 4. vetrar-ríki, n. = vetrarnauð, a severe winter, Eb. 290, Fbr. 41, v. l. vetrar-rúgr, m. winter rye, Gþl. 343. vetra-stefna, u, f. a winter term; nú vill hann til vetrar-stefnu jörð selja, fimmtán vetr, N. G. L. i. 92. vetra-tal, n. a number of winters, Rb. 508: years, fyrr rosknir at afli en vetra tali, Fms. i. 30, x. 230, 419. vetrar-tíð, f. winter-tide, Bb. 3. 34. vetrar-tími, a, m. winter-time, Stj. 69, 97, Bs. i. 324. vetrar-tungl, n. the winter moon, the moon when winter sets in, Icel. Almanack (Nov. 1, 1872).

B. REAL COMPDS: vetrbeit, vetrbjörg, vetrgamall, vetrgata, vetrgemlingr, vetrgestr, vetrgrið, vetrhagi, vetrhluti, vetrhringr, vetrhús, vetrliði, vetrligr, vetrlægr, vetrmessa, vetrnætr, vetrrúgr, vetrseta, vetrseti, vetrtaka, vetrtökumaðr, vetrvist.

ăqua, ae (ACVA, Inscr. Grut. 593, 5; gen. aquāï, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 71; Lucr. 1, 284; 1. 285; 1, 307; 1, 454 et saep.; Verg. A. 7, 464; poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15; Cic. Arat. 179; Prud. Apoth. 702; the dat. aquaï also was used acc. to Charis. p. 538; v. Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 9, 11, 12; pp. 14 sq.;

aquae, as trisyl.,

Lucr. 6, 552 Lachm.), f. [cf. Sanscr. ap = water; Wallach. apa, and Goth. ahva = river; old Germ. Aha; Celt. achi; and the Gr. proper names Mess-api-oi and gê Api-a, and the Lat. Apuli, Apiola; prob. ultimately con. with Sanscr. ācus = swift, ācer, and ôkus, from the notion of quickly, easily moving. Curtius.].

A.. Water, in its most gen. signif. (as an element, rainwater, river-water, sea-water, etc.; in class. Lat. often plur. to denote several streams, springs, in one place or region, and com. plur. in Vulg. O. T. after the Hebrew):

aër, aqua, terra, vapores, Quo pacto fiant,

Lucr. 1, 567: SI. AQVA. PLVVIA. NOCET, Fragm. of the XII. Tab. ap. Dig. 40, 7, 21; cf. Dirks. Transl. p. 486; so also of titles in the Digg. 39, 3; cf. ib. 43, 20:

pluvialis,

rain-water, Ov. M. 8, 335, and Sen. Q. N. 3, 1; so,

aquae pluviae,

Cic. Mur. 9, 22; Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233; Quint. 10, 1, 109 (and pluviae absol., Cic. Att. 15, 16, B; Lucr. 6, 519; Verg. G. 1, 92; Ov. F. 2, 71; Plin. 2, 106, 110, § 227); so,

caelestes aquae,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; 5, 12, 2; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; so,

aquae de nubibus,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 22, 12: aquae nivis, snow-water, ib. Job, 9, 30:

fluvialis,

river-water, Col. 6, 22; so,

aqua fluminis,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

aquaï fons,

Lucr. 5, 602:

fons aquae,

Vulg. Gen. 24, 13:

fontes aquarum, ib. Joel, 1, 20: flumen aquae,

Verg. A. 11, 495:

fluvius aquae,

Vulg. Apoc. 22, 1:

rivus aquae,

Verg. E. 8, 87:

rivi aquarum,

Vulg. Isa. 32, 2:

torrens aquae,

ib. Macc. 5, 40; and plur., ib. Jer. 31, 9: dulcis, fresh-water, Fr. eau douce, Lucr. 6, 890:

fons aquae dulcis,

Cic. Verr. 4, 118; and plur.:

aquae dulces,

Verg. G. 4, 61; id. A. 1, 167: marina, sea-water (v. also salsus, amarus), Cic. Att. 1, 16; so,

aquae maris,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 22; ib. Exod. 15, 19:

dulcis et amara aqua,

ib. Jac. 3, 11:

perennis,

never-failing, Liv. 1, 21; and plur.:

quo in summo (loco) est aequata agri planities et aquae perennes,

Cic. Verr. 4, 107:

aqua profluens,

running-water, id. Off. 1, 16, 52; so,

currentes aquae,

Vulg. Isa. 30, 25; so,

aqua viva,

living-water, Varr. L. L. 5, 26, 35; Vulg. Gen. 26, 19; and plur.:

aquae vivae,

ib. Num. 19, 17;

and in a spiritual sense: aqua viva,

ib. Joan. 4, 10; so,

vitae,

ib. Apoc. 22, 17:

aquae viventes,

ib. Lev. 14, 5:

stagna aquae,

standing-water, Prop. 4, 17, 2; and plur., Vulg. Psa. 106, 35; so, stativae aquae, Varr. ap. Non. p. 217, 2:

aquae de puteis,

well-water, Vulg. Num. 20, 17:

aqua de cisternā,

cisternwater, ib. 2 Reg. 23, 16; so,

aqua cisternae,

ib. Isa. 36, 16:

aquae pessimae,

ib. 4 Reg. 2, 19:

aqua recens,

Verg. A. 6, 636:

turbida,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

crassa,

ib. 2 Macc. 1, 20:

munda,

ib. Heb. 10, 22:

purissima,

ib. Ezech. 34, 18:

aquae calidae,

warm-water, ib. Gen. 36, 24; and absol.:

calida,

Cato, R. R. 156, 3; Plin. 25, 7, 38, § 77; Tac. G. 22;

and contr.: calda,

Col. 6, 13; Plin. 23, 4, 41, § 83: aqua fervens, boiling-water:

aliquem aquā ferventi perfundere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 67:

aqua frigida,

cold-water, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 37; Vulg. Prov. 25, 23; ib. Matt. 10, 42; and absol.:

frigida,

Cels. 1, 5; Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11; Quint. 5, 11, 31: aqua decocta, water boiled and then cooled with ice or snow, Mart. 14, 116; and absol.:

decocta,

Juv. 5, 50; Suet. Ner. 48 al.—

Particular phrases.

Praebere aquam, to invite to a feast, to entertain (with ref. to the use of water at table for washing and drinking), Hor. S. 1, 4, 88 (cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 69).—

Aquam aspergere alicui, to give new life or courage, to animate, refresh, revive (the fig. taken from sprinkling one who is in a swoon):

ah, adspersisti aquam! Jam rediit animus,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 15.—

Aqua et ignis, to express the most common necessaries of life:

non aquā, non igni, ut aiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitiā,

Cic. Lael. 6, 22.—Hence aquā et igni interdicere alicui, to deny intercourse or familiarity with one, to exclude from civil society, to banish, Cic. Phil. 1, 9; so the bride, on the day of marriage, received from the bridegroom aqua et ignis, as a symbol of their union: aquā et igni tam interdici solet damnatis quam accipiunt nuptae, videlicet quia hae duae res humanam vitam maxime continent, Paul. ex Fest. p. 3 Müll. (this custom is differently explained in [p. 148] Varr. L. L. 5, 9, 18): aquam et terram petere, of an enemy (like gên kai hudôr aitein), to demand submission, Liv. 35, 17:

aquam ipsos (hostes) terramque poscentium, ut neque fontium haustum nec solitos cibos relinquerent deditis,

Curt. 3, 10, 8.— Provv.

Ex uno puteo similior numquam potis Aqua aquaï

sumi quam haec est atque ista hospita,

you can't find two peas more like, Plaut. Mil. 1, 6, 70 sq. —

In aquā scribere = kath hudatos graphein, to write in water, of something transient, useless:

cupido quod dicit amanti, In vento et rapidā scribere oportet aquā,

Cat. 70, 4 (cf. Keats' epitaph on himself: here lies one whose name was writ in water; and the Germ., etwas hinter die Feueresse schreiben).—

Water, in a more restricted sense.

The sea:

coge, ut ad aquam tibi frumentum Ennenses metiantur,

on the sea-coast, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83:

laborum quos ego sum terrā, quos ego passus aquā,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 30:

findite remigio aquas!

id. F. 3, 586.— Trop.: Venimus in portum... Naviget hinc aliā jam mihi linter aquā, in other waters let my bark now sail (cf. Milton in the Lycidas:

To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new),

Ov. F. 2, 864.—

= la. cus, a lake:

Albanae aquae deductio,

Cic. Div. 1, 44 fin. —

A stream, a river. in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae, i. e. Albula, Ov. F. 4, 48:

alii in aquam caeci ruebant,

Liv. 1, 27:

sonitus multarum aquarum,

of many streams, Vulg. Isa. 17, 12; ib. Apoc. 1, 15; 19, 6:

lignum, quod plantatum est secus decursus aquarum,

along the watercourses, ib. Psa. 1, 3.—

Rain:

cornix augur aquae,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 12:

deūm genitor effusis aethera siccat aquis,

Ov. F. 3, 286:

multā terra madescit aquā,

id. ib. 6, 198:

aquae magnae bis eo anno fuerunt,

heavy rains, a flood, inundation, Liv. 24, 9; 38, 28.—

In the plur., medicinal springs, waters, baths.

In gen.:

ad aquas venire,

Cic. Planc. 27, 65; id. Fam. 16, 24, 2:

aquae caldae,

Varr. L. L. 9, 69, p. 219 Müll.:

aquae calidae,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 227:

aquae medicatae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25:

aquae Salutiferae,

Mart. 5, 1.—Hence,

As prop. noun, Waters. Some of the most important were.

Ăquae Ăpollĭnāres, in Etruria, prob. the Phoebi vada of Mart. 6, 42, 7, now Bagni di Stigliano, Tab. Peut.—

Ăquae Aurēlĭae, in the Black Forest in Germany, now Baden-Baden, Inscr.—

Ăquae Baiae, in Campania, Prop. 1, 11, 30; earlier called Ăquae Cūmānae, Liv. 41, 16.—

Ăquae Călĭdae,

In Britain, now Bath; also called Ăquae Sōlis, Itin Anton.—

In Zeugitana on the Gulf of Carthage, now Hammam Gurbos, Liv. 30, 24, 9; Tab. Peut.—

In Gallia, now Vichy on the Allier, Tab. Theod.—

Ăquae Cĭcĕrōnĭānae, at Cicero's villa at Puteoli, Plin. 31, 2, 3, § 6.—

Ăquae Mattĭăcae, among the Mattiaci in Germany, now Wiesbaden, Amm. 29, 4, also called Fontes Mattĭăci in Plin. 31, 2, 17, § 20.—

Ăquae Sextĭae, near Massilia, once a famous watering-place, now Aix, Liv Epit 61; Vell. 1, 15; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.—

Ăquae Tauri or Tauri Thermae, in Etruria, now Bagni di Ferrata, Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 52. V. Smith, Dict. Geog., s. v. Aquae.—

The water in the water-clock. From the use of this clock in regulating the length of speeches, etc. (cf. clepsydra), arose the tropical phrases,

Aquam dare, to give the advocate time for speaking, Plin. Ep. 6, 2, 7.—

Aquam perdere, to spend time unprofitably, to waste it, Quint. 11, 3, 52.—

Aqua haeret, the water stops, i.e. I am at a loss, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:

in hac causā mihi aqua haeret,

id. ad Q. Fr. 2, 7.—

Aqua intercus, the water under the skin of a dropsical person;

hence, as med. t.,

the dropsy, Plaut. Men. 5, 4, 3:

medicamentum ad aquam intercutem dare,

Cic. Off. 3, 24, 92:

decessit morbo aquae intercutis,

Suet. Ner 5; cf. Cels. 2, 8.— Trop.: aquam in animo habere intercutem, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 37, 3.—

Aqua, the name of a constellation, Gr. Hudôr:

hae tenues stellae perhibentur nomine Aquāī,

Cic. Arat. 179 (as translation of tous pantas kaleousin Hudôr); v. Orell. ad h. l.

ăqua, ae (ACVA, Inscr. Grut. 593, 5; gen. aquāï, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 71; Lucr. 1, 284; 1. 285; 1, 307; 1, 454 et saep.; Verg. A. 7, 464; poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15; Cic. Arat. 179; Prud. Apoth. 702; the dat. aquaï also was used acc. to Charis. p. 538; v. Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 9, 11, 12; pp. 14 sq.;

aquae, as trisyl.,

Lucr. 6, 552 Lachm.), f. [cf. Sanscr. ap = water; Wallach. apa, and Goth. ahva = river; old Germ. Aha; Celt. achi; and the Gr. proper names Mess-api-oi and gê Api-a, and the Lat. Apuli, Apiola; prob. ultimately con. with Sanscr. ācus = swift, ācer, and ôkus, from the notion of quickly, easily moving. Curtius.].

A.. Water, in its most gen. signif. (as an element, rainwater, river-water, sea-water, etc.; in class. Lat. often plur. to denote several streams, springs, in one place or region, and com. plur. in Vulg. O. T. after the Hebrew):

aër, aqua, terra, vapores, Quo pacto fiant,

Lucr. 1, 567: SI. AQVA. PLVVIA. NOCET, Fragm. of the XII. Tab. ap. Dig. 40, 7, 21; cf. Dirks. Transl. p. 486; so also of titles in the Digg. 39, 3; cf. ib. 43, 20:

pluvialis,

rain-water, Ov. M. 8, 335, and Sen. Q. N. 3, 1; so,

aquae pluviae,

Cic. Mur. 9, 22; Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233; Quint. 10, 1, 109 (and pluviae absol., Cic. Att. 15, 16, B; Lucr. 6, 519; Verg. G. 1, 92; Ov. F. 2, 71; Plin. 2, 106, 110, § 227); so,

caelestes aquae,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; 5, 12, 2; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; so,

aquae de nubibus,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 22, 12: aquae nivis, snow-water, ib. Job, 9, 30:

fluvialis,

river-water, Col. 6, 22; so,

aqua fluminis,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

aquaï fons,

Lucr. 5, 602:

fons aquae,

Vulg. Gen. 24, 13:

fontes aquarum, ib. Joel, 1, 20: flumen aquae,

Verg. A. 11, 495:

fluvius aquae,

Vulg. Apoc. 22, 1:

rivus aquae,

Verg. E. 8, 87:

rivi aquarum,

Vulg. Isa. 32, 2:

torrens aquae,

ib. Macc. 5, 40; and plur., ib. Jer. 31, 9: dulcis, fresh-water, Fr. eau douce, Lucr. 6, 890:

fons aquae dulcis,

Cic. Verr. 4, 118; and plur.:

aquae dulces,

Verg. G. 4, 61; id. A. 1, 167: marina, sea-water (v. also salsus, amarus), Cic. Att. 1, 16; so,

aquae maris,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 22; ib. Exod. 15, 19:

dulcis et amara aqua,

ib. Jac. 3, 11:

perennis,

never-failing, Liv. 1, 21; and plur.:

quo in summo (loco) est aequata agri planities et aquae perennes,

Cic. Verr. 4, 107:

aqua profluens,

running-water, id. Off. 1, 16, 52; so,

currentes aquae,

Vulg. Isa. 30, 25; so,

aqua viva,

living-water, Varr. L. L. 5, 26, 35; Vulg. Gen. 26, 19; and plur.:

aquae vivae,

ib. Num. 19, 17;

and in a spiritual sense: aqua viva,

ib. Joan. 4, 10; so,

vitae,

ib. Apoc. 22, 17:

aquae viventes,

ib. Lev. 14, 5:

stagna aquae,

standing-water, Prop. 4, 17, 2; and plur., Vulg. Psa. 106, 35; so, stativae aquae, Varr. ap. Non. p. 217, 2:

aquae de puteis,

well-water, Vulg. Num. 20, 17:

aqua de cisternā,

cisternwater, ib. 2 Reg. 23, 16; so,

aqua cisternae,

ib. Isa. 36, 16:

aquae pessimae,

ib. 4 Reg. 2, 19:

aqua recens,

Verg. A. 6, 636:

turbida,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

crassa,

ib. 2 Macc. 1, 20:

munda,

ib. Heb. 10, 22:

purissima,

ib. Ezech. 34, 18:

aquae calidae,

warm-water, ib. Gen. 36, 24; and absol.:

calida,

Cato, R. R. 156, 3; Plin. 25, 7, 38, § 77; Tac. G. 22;

and contr.: calda,

Col. 6, 13; Plin. 23, 4, 41, § 83: aqua fervens, boiling-water:

aliquem aquā ferventi perfundere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 67:

aqua frigida,

cold-water, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 37; Vulg. Prov. 25, 23; ib. Matt. 10, 42; and absol.:

frigida,

Cels. 1, 5; Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11; Quint. 5, 11, 31: aqua decocta, water boiled and then cooled with ice or snow, Mart. 14, 116; and absol.:

decocta,

Juv. 5, 50; Suet. Ner. 48 al.—

Particular phrases.

Praebere aquam, to invite to a feast, to entertain (with ref. to the use of water at table for washing and drinking), Hor. S. 1, 4, 88 (cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 69).—

Aquam aspergere alicui, to give new life or courage, to animate, refresh, revive (the fig. taken from sprinkling one who is in a swoon):

ah, adspersisti aquam! Jam rediit animus,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 15.—

Aqua et ignis, to express the most common necessaries of life:

non aquā, non igni, ut aiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitiā,

Cic. Lael. 6, 22.—Hence aquā et igni interdicere alicui, to deny intercourse or familiarity with one, to exclude from civil society, to banish, Cic. Phil. 1, 9; so the bride, on the day of marriage, received from the bridegroom aqua et ignis, as a symbol of their union: aquā et igni tam interdici solet damnatis quam accipiunt nuptae, videlicet quia hae duae res humanam vitam maxime continent, Paul. ex Fest. p. 3 Müll. (this custom is differently explained in [p. 148] Varr. L. L. 5, 9, 18): aquam et terram petere, of an enemy (like gên kai hudôr aitein), to demand submission, Liv. 35, 17:

aquam ipsos (hostes) terramque poscentium, ut neque fontium haustum nec solitos cibos relinquerent deditis,

Curt. 3, 10, 8.— Provv.

Ex uno puteo similior numquam potis Aqua aquaï

sumi quam haec est atque ista hospita,

you can't find two peas more like, Plaut. Mil. 1, 6, 70 sq. —

In aquā scribere = kath hudatos graphein, to write in water, of something transient, useless:

cupido quod dicit amanti, In vento et rapidā scribere oportet aquā,

Cat. 70, 4 (cf. Keats' epitaph on himself: here lies one whose name was writ in water; and the Germ., etwas hinter die Feueresse schreiben).—

Water, in a more restricted sense.

The sea:

coge, ut ad aquam tibi frumentum Ennenses metiantur,

on the sea-coast, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83:

laborum quos ego sum terrā, quos ego passus aquā,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 30:

findite remigio aquas!

id. F. 3, 586.— Trop.: Venimus in portum... Naviget hinc aliā jam mihi linter aquā, in other waters let my bark now sail (cf. Milton in the Lycidas:

To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new),

Ov. F. 2, 864.—

= la. cus, a lake:

Albanae aquae deductio,

Cic. Div. 1, 44 fin. —

A stream, a river. in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae, i. e. Albula, Ov. F. 4, 48:

alii in aquam caeci ruebant,

Liv. 1, 27:

sonitus multarum aquarum,

of many streams, Vulg. Isa. 17, 12; ib. Apoc. 1, 15; 19, 6:

lignum, quod plantatum est secus decursus aquarum,

along the watercourses, ib. Psa. 1, 3.—

Rain:

cornix augur aquae,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 12:

deūm genitor effusis aethera siccat aquis,

Ov. F. 3, 286:

multā terra madescit aquā,

id. ib. 6, 198:

aquae magnae bis eo anno fuerunt,

heavy rains, a flood, inundation, Liv. 24, 9; 38, 28.—

In the plur., medicinal springs, waters, baths.

In gen.:

ad aquas venire,

Cic. Planc. 27, 65; id. Fam. 16, 24, 2:

aquae caldae,

Varr. L. L. 9, 69, p. 219 Müll.:

aquae calidae,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 227:

aquae medicatae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25:

aquae Salutiferae,

Mart. 5, 1.—Hence,

As prop. noun, Waters. Some of the most important were.

Ăquae Ăpollĭnāres, in Etruria, prob. the Phoebi vada of Mart. 6, 42, 7, now Bagni di Stigliano, Tab. Peut.—

Ăquae Aurēlĭae, in the Black Forest in Germany, now Baden-Baden, Inscr.—

Ăquae Baiae, in Campania, Prop. 1, 11, 30; earlier called Ăquae Cūmānae, Liv. 41, 16.—

Ăquae Călĭdae,

In Britain, now Bath; also called Ăquae Sōlis, Itin Anton.—

In Zeugitana on the Gulf of Carthage, now Hammam Gurbos, Liv. 30, 24, 9; Tab. Peut.—

In Gallia, now Vichy on the Allier, Tab. Theod.—

Ăquae Cĭcĕrōnĭānae, at Cicero's villa at Puteoli, Plin. 31, 2, 3, § 6.—

Ăquae Mattĭăcae, among the Mattiaci in Germany, now Wiesbaden, Amm. 29, 4, also called Fontes Mattĭăci in Plin. 31, 2, 17, § 20.—

Ăquae Sextĭae, near Massilia, once a famous watering-place, now Aix, Liv Epit 61; Vell. 1, 15; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.—

Ăquae Tauri or Tauri Thermae, in Etruria, now Bagni di Ferrata, Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 52. V. Smith, Dict. Geog., s. v. Aquae.—

The water in the water-clock. From the use of this clock in regulating the length of speeches, etc. (cf. clepsydra), arose the tropical phrases,

Aquam dare, to give the advocate time for speaking, Plin. Ep. 6, 2, 7.—

Aquam perdere, to spend time unprofitably, to waste it, Quint. 11, 3, 52.—

Aqua haeret, the water stops, i.e. I am at a loss, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:

in hac causā mihi aqua haeret,

id. ad Q. Fr. 2, 7.—

Aqua intercus, the water under the skin of a dropsical person;

hence, as med. t.,

the dropsy, Plaut. Men. 5, 4, 3:

medicamentum ad aquam intercutem dare,

Cic. Off. 3, 24, 92:

decessit morbo aquae intercutis,

Suet. Ner 5; cf. Cels. 2, 8.— Trop.: aquam in animo habere intercutem, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 37, 3.—

Aqua, the name of a constellation, Gr. Hudôr:

hae tenues stellae perhibentur nomine Aquāī,

Cic. Arat. 179 (as translation of tous pantas kaleousin Hudôr); v. Orell. ad h. l.

ăqua, ae (ACVA, Inscr. Grut. 593, 5; gen. aquāï, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 71; Lucr. 1, 284; 1. 285; 1, 307; 1, 454 et saep.; Verg. A. 7, 464; poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15; Cic. Arat. 179; Prud. Apoth. 702; the dat. aquaï also was used acc. to Charis. p. 538; v. Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 9, 11, 12; pp. 14 sq.;

aquae, as trisyl.,

Lucr. 6, 552 Lachm.), f. [cf. Sanscr. ap = water; Wallach. apa, and Goth. ahva = river; old Germ. Aha; Celt. achi; and the Gr. proper names Mess-api-oi and gê Api-a, and the Lat. Apuli, Apiola; prob. ultimately con. with Sanscr. ācus = swift, ācer, and ôkus, from the notion of quickly, easily moving. Curtius.].

A.. Water, in its most gen. signif. (as an element, rainwater, river-water, sea-water, etc.; in class. Lat. often plur. to denote several streams, springs, in one place or region, and com. plur. in Vulg. O. T. after the Hebrew):

aër, aqua, terra, vapores, Quo pacto fiant,

Lucr. 1, 567: SI. AQVA. PLVVIA. NOCET, Fragm. of the XII. Tab. ap. Dig. 40, 7, 21; cf. Dirks. Transl. p. 486; so also of titles in the Digg. 39, 3; cf. ib. 43, 20:

pluvialis,

rain-water, Ov. M. 8, 335, and Sen. Q. N. 3, 1; so,

aquae pluviae,

Cic. Mur. 9, 22; Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233; Quint. 10, 1, 109 (and pluviae absol., Cic. Att. 15, 16, B; Lucr. 6, 519; Verg. G. 1, 92; Ov. F. 2, 71; Plin. 2, 106, 110, § 227); so,

caelestes aquae,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; 5, 12, 2; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; so,

aquae de nubibus,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 22, 12: aquae nivis, snow-water, ib. Job, 9, 30:

fluvialis,

river-water, Col. 6, 22; so,

aqua fluminis,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

aquaï fons,

Lucr. 5, 602:

fons aquae,

Vulg. Gen. 24, 13:

fontes aquarum, ib. Joel, 1, 20: flumen aquae,

Verg. A. 11, 495:

fluvius aquae,

Vulg. Apoc. 22, 1:

rivus aquae,

Verg. E. 8, 87:

rivi aquarum,

Vulg. Isa. 32, 2:

torrens aquae,

ib. Macc. 5, 40; and plur., ib. Jer. 31, 9: dulcis, fresh-water, Fr. eau douce, Lucr. 6, 890:

fons aquae dulcis,

Cic. Verr. 4, 118; and plur.:

aquae dulces,

Verg. G. 4, 61; id. A. 1, 167: marina, sea-water (v. also salsus, amarus), Cic. Att. 1, 16; so,

aquae maris,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 22; ib. Exod. 15, 19:

dulcis et amara aqua,

ib. Jac. 3, 11:

perennis,

never-failing, Liv. 1, 21; and plur.:

quo in summo (loco) est aequata agri planities et aquae perennes,

Cic. Verr. 4, 107:

aqua profluens,

running-water, id. Off. 1, 16, 52; so,

currentes aquae,

Vulg. Isa. 30, 25; so,

aqua viva,

living-water, Varr. L. L. 5, 26, 35; Vulg. Gen. 26, 19; and plur.:

aquae vivae,

ib. Num. 19, 17;

and in a spiritual sense: aqua viva,

ib. Joan. 4, 10; so,

vitae,

ib. Apoc. 22, 17:

aquae viventes,

ib. Lev. 14, 5:

stagna aquae,

standing-water, Prop. 4, 17, 2; and plur., Vulg. Psa. 106, 35; so, stativae aquae, Varr. ap. Non. p. 217, 2:

aquae de puteis,

well-water, Vulg. Num. 20, 17:

aqua de cisternā,

cisternwater, ib. 2 Reg. 23, 16; so,

aqua cisternae,

ib. Isa. 36, 16:

aquae pessimae,

ib. 4 Reg. 2, 19:

aqua recens,

Verg. A. 6, 636:

turbida,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

crassa,

ib. 2 Macc. 1, 20:

munda,

ib. Heb. 10, 22:

purissima,

ib. Ezech. 34, 18:

aquae calidae,

warm-water, ib. Gen. 36, 24; and absol.:

calida,

Cato, R. R. 156, 3; Plin. 25, 7, 38, § 77; Tac. G. 22;

and contr.: calda,

Col. 6, 13; Plin. 23, 4, 41, § 83: aqua fervens, boiling-water:

aliquem aquā ferventi perfundere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 67:

aqua frigida,

cold-water, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 37; Vulg. Prov. 25, 23; ib. Matt. 10, 42; and absol.:

frigida,

Cels. 1, 5; Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11; Quint. 5, 11, 31: aqua decocta, water boiled and then cooled with ice or snow, Mart. 14, 116; and absol.:

decocta,

Juv. 5, 50; Suet. Ner. 48 al.—

Particular phrases.

Praebere aquam, to invite to a feast, to entertain (with ref. to the use of water at table for washing and drinking), Hor. S. 1, 4, 88 (cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 69).—

Aquam aspergere alicui, to give new life or courage, to animate, refresh, revive (the fig. taken from sprinkling one who is in a swoon):

ah, adspersisti aquam! Jam rediit animus,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 15.—

Aqua et ignis, to express the most common necessaries of life:

non aquā, non igni, ut aiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitiā,

Cic. Lael. 6, 22.—Hence aquā et igni interdicere alicui, to deny intercourse or familiarity with one, to exclude from civil society, to banish, Cic. Phil. 1, 9; so the bride, on the day of marriage, received from the bridegroom aqua et ignis, as a symbol of their union: aquā et igni tam interdici solet damnatis quam accipiunt nuptae, videlicet quia hae duae res humanam vitam maxime continent, Paul. ex Fest. p. 3 Müll. (this custom is differently explained in [p. 148] Varr. L. L. 5, 9, 18): aquam et terram petere, of an enemy (like gên kai hudôr aitein), to demand submission, Liv. 35, 17:

aquam ipsos (hostes) terramque poscentium, ut neque fontium haustum nec solitos cibos relinquerent deditis,

Curt. 3, 10, 8.— Provv.

Ex uno puteo similior numquam potis Aqua aquaï

sumi quam haec est atque ista hospita,

you can't find two peas more like, Plaut. Mil. 1, 6, 70 sq. —

In aquā scribere = kath hudatos graphein, to write in water, of something transient, useless:

cupido quod dicit amanti, In vento et rapidā scribere oportet aquā,

Cat. 70, 4 (cf. Keats' epitaph on himself: here lies one whose name was writ in water; and the Germ., etwas hinter die Feueresse schreiben).—

Water, in a more restricted sense.

The sea:

coge, ut ad aquam tibi frumentum Ennenses metiantur,

on the sea-coast, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83:

laborum quos ego sum terrā, quos ego passus aquā,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 30:

findite remigio aquas!

id. F. 3, 586.— Trop.: Venimus in portum... Naviget hinc aliā jam mihi linter aquā, in other waters let my bark now sail (cf. Milton in the Lycidas:

To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new),

Ov. F. 2, 864.—

= la. cus, a lake:

Albanae aquae deductio,

Cic. Div. 1, 44 fin. —

A stream, a river. in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae, i. e. Albula, Ov. F. 4, 48:

alii in aquam caeci ruebant,

Liv. 1, 27:

sonitus multarum aquarum,

of many streams, Vulg. Isa. 17, 12; ib. Apoc. 1, 15; 19, 6:

lignum, quod plantatum est secus decursus aquarum,

along the watercourses, ib. Psa. 1, 3.—

Rain:

cornix augur aquae,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 12:

deūm genitor effusis aethera siccat aquis,

Ov. F. 3, 286:

multā terra madescit aquā,

id. ib. 6, 198:

aquae magnae bis eo anno fuerunt,

heavy rains, a flood, inundation, Liv. 24, 9; 38, 28.—

In the plur., medicinal springs, waters, baths.

In gen.:

ad aquas venire,

Cic. Planc. 27, 65; id. Fam. 16, 24, 2:

aquae caldae,

Varr. L. L. 9, 69, p. 219 Müll.:

aquae calidae,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 227:

aquae medicatae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25:

aquae Salutiferae,

Mart. 5, 1.—Hence,

As prop. noun, Waters. Some of the most important were.

Ăquae Ăpollĭnāres, in Etruria, prob. the Phoebi vada of Mart. 6, 42, 7, now Bagni di Stigliano, Tab. Peut.—

Ăquae Aurēlĭae, in the Black Forest in Germany, now Baden-Baden, Inscr.—

Ăquae Baiae, in Campania, Prop. 1, 11, 30; earlier called Ăquae Cūmānae, Liv. 41, 16.—

Ăquae Călĭdae,

In Britain, now Bath; also called Ăquae Sōlis, Itin Anton.—

In Zeugitana on the Gulf of Carthage, now Hammam Gurbos, Liv. 30, 24, 9; Tab. Peut.—

In Gallia, now Vichy on the Allier, Tab. Theod.—

Ăquae Cĭcĕrōnĭānae, at Cicero's villa at Puteoli, Plin. 31, 2, 3, § 6.—

Ăquae Mattĭăcae, among the Mattiaci in Germany, now Wiesbaden, Amm. 29, 4, also called Fontes Mattĭăci in Plin. 31, 2, 17, § 20.—

Ăquae Sextĭae, near Massilia, once a famous watering-place, now Aix, Liv Epit 61; Vell. 1, 15; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.—

Ăquae Tauri or Tauri Thermae, in Etruria, now Bagni di Ferrata, Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 52. V. Smith, Dict. Geog., s. v. Aquae.—

The water in the water-clock. From the use of this clock in regulating the length of speeches, etc. (cf. clepsydra), arose the tropical phrases,

Aquam dare, to give the advocate time for speaking, Plin. Ep. 6, 2, 7.—

Aquam perdere, to spend time unprofitably, to waste it, Quint. 11, 3, 52.—

Aqua haeret, the water stops, i.e. I am at a loss, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:

in hac causā mihi aqua haeret,

id. ad Q. Fr. 2, 7.—

Aqua intercus, the water under the skin of a dropsical person;

hence, as med. t.,

the dropsy, Plaut. Men. 5, 4, 3:

medicamentum ad aquam intercutem dare,

Cic. Off. 3, 24, 92:

decessit morbo aquae intercutis,

Suet. Ner 5; cf. Cels. 2, 8.— Trop.: aquam in animo habere intercutem, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 37, 3.—

Aqua, the name of a constellation, Gr. Hudôr:

hae tenues stellae perhibentur nomine Aquāī,

Cic. Arat. 179 (as translation of tous pantas kaleousin Hudôr); v. Orell. ad h. l.

ăqua, ae (ACVA, Inscr. Grut. 593, 5; gen. aquāï, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 71; Lucr. 1, 284; 1. 285; 1, 307; 1, 454 et saep.; Verg. A. 7, 464; poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15; Cic. Arat. 179; Prud. Apoth. 702; the dat. aquaï also was used acc. to Charis. p. 538; v. Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 9, 11, 12; pp. 14 sq.;

aquae, as trisyl.,

Lucr. 6, 552 Lachm.), f. [cf. Sanscr. ap = water; Wallach. apa, and Goth. ahva = river; old Germ. Aha; Celt. achi; and the Gr. proper names Mess-api-oi and gê Api-a, and the Lat. Apuli, Apiola; prob. ultimately con. with Sanscr. ācus = swift, ācer, and ôkus, from the notion of quickly, easily moving. Curtius.].

A.. Water, in its most gen. signif. (as an element, rainwater, river-water, sea-water, etc.; in class. Lat. often plur. to denote several streams, springs, in one place or region, and com. plur. in Vulg. O. T. after the Hebrew):

aër, aqua, terra, vapores, Quo pacto fiant,

Lucr. 1, 567: SI. AQVA. PLVVIA. NOCET, Fragm. of the XII. Tab. ap. Dig. 40, 7, 21; cf. Dirks. Transl. p. 486; so also of titles in the Digg. 39, 3; cf. ib. 43, 20:

pluvialis,

rain-water, Ov. M. 8, 335, and Sen. Q. N. 3, 1; so,

aquae pluviae,

Cic. Mur. 9, 22; Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233; Quint. 10, 1, 109 (and pluviae absol., Cic. Att. 15, 16, B; Lucr. 6, 519; Verg. G. 1, 92; Ov. F. 2, 71; Plin. 2, 106, 110, § 227); so,

caelestes aquae,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; 5, 12, 2; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; so,

aquae de nubibus,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 22, 12: aquae nivis, snow-water, ib. Job, 9, 30:

fluvialis,

river-water, Col. 6, 22; so,

aqua fluminis,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

aquaï fons,

Lucr. 5, 602:

fons aquae,

Vulg. Gen. 24, 13:

fontes aquarum, ib. Joel, 1, 20: flumen aquae,

Verg. A. 11, 495:

fluvius aquae,

Vulg. Apoc. 22, 1:

rivus aquae,

Verg. E. 8, 87:

rivi aquarum,

Vulg. Isa. 32, 2:

torrens aquae,

ib. Macc. 5, 40; and plur., ib. Jer. 31, 9: dulcis, fresh-water, Fr. eau douce, Lucr. 6, 890:

fons aquae dulcis,

Cic. Verr. 4, 118; and plur.:

aquae dulces,

Verg. G. 4, 61; id. A. 1, 167: marina, sea-water (v. also salsus, amarus), Cic. Att. 1, 16; so,

aquae maris,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 22; ib. Exod. 15, 19:

dulcis et amara aqua,

ib. Jac. 3, 11:

perennis,

never-failing, Liv. 1, 21; and plur.:

quo in summo (loco) est aequata agri planities et aquae perennes,

Cic. Verr. 4, 107:

aqua profluens,

running-water, id. Off. 1, 16, 52; so,

currentes aquae,

Vulg. Isa. 30, 25; so,

aqua viva,

living-water, Varr. L. L. 5, 26, 35; Vulg. Gen. 26, 19; and plur.:

aquae vivae,

ib. Num. 19, 17;

and in a spiritual sense: aqua viva,

ib. Joan. 4, 10; so,

vitae,

ib. Apoc. 22, 17:

aquae viventes,

ib. Lev. 14, 5:

stagna aquae,

standing-water, Prop. 4, 17, 2; and plur., Vulg. Psa. 106, 35; so, stativae aquae, Varr. ap. Non. p. 217, 2:

aquae de puteis,

well-water, Vulg. Num. 20, 17:

aqua de cisternā,

cisternwater, ib. 2 Reg. 23, 16; so,

aqua cisternae,

ib. Isa. 36, 16:

aquae pessimae,

ib. 4 Reg. 2, 19:

aqua recens,

Verg. A. 6, 636:

turbida,

Vulg. Jer. 2, 18:

crassa,

ib. 2 Macc. 1, 20:

munda,

ib. Heb. 10, 22:

purissima,

ib. Ezech. 34, 18:

aquae calidae,

warm-water, ib. Gen. 36, 24; and absol.:

calida,

Cato, R. R. 156, 3; Plin. 25, 7, 38, § 77; Tac. G. 22;

and contr.: calda,

Col. 6, 13; Plin. 23, 4, 41, § 83: aqua fervens, boiling-water:

aliquem aquā ferventi perfundere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 67:

aqua frigida,

cold-water, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 37; Vulg. Prov. 25, 23; ib. Matt. 10, 42; and absol.:

frigida,

Cels. 1, 5; Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11; Quint. 5, 11, 31: aqua decocta, water boiled and then cooled with ice or snow, Mart. 14, 116; and absol.:

decocta,

Juv. 5, 50; Suet. Ner. 48 al.—

Particular phrases.

Praebere aquam, to invite to a feast, to entertain (with ref. to the use of water at table for washing and drinking), Hor. S. 1, 4, 88 (cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 69).—

Aquam aspergere alicui, to give new life or courage, to animate, refresh, revive (the fig. taken from sprinkling one who is in a swoon):

ah, adspersisti aquam! Jam rediit animus,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 15.—

Aqua et ignis, to express the most common necessaries of life:

non aquā, non igni, ut aiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitiā,

Cic. Lael. 6, 22.—Hence aquā et igni interdicere alicui, to deny intercourse or familiarity with one, to exclude from civil society, to banish, Cic. Phil. 1, 9; so the bride, on the day of marriage, received from the bridegroom aqua et ignis, as a symbol of their union: aquā et igni tam interdici solet damnatis quam accipiunt nuptae, videlicet quia hae duae res humanam vitam maxime continent, Paul. ex Fest. p. 3 Müll. (this custom is differently explained in [p. 148] Varr. L. L. 5, 9, 18): aquam et terram petere, of an enemy (like gên kai hudôr aitein), to demand submission, Liv. 35, 17:

aquam ipsos (hostes) terramque poscentium, ut neque fontium haustum nec solitos cibos relinquerent deditis,

Curt. 3, 10, 8.— Provv.

Ex uno puteo similior numquam potis Aqua aquaï

sumi quam haec est atque ista hospita,

you can't find two peas more like, Plaut. Mil. 1, 6, 70 sq. —

In aquā scribere = kath hudatos graphein, to write in water, of something transient, useless:

cupido quod dicit amanti, In vento et rapidā scribere oportet aquā,

Cat. 70, 4 (cf. Keats' epitaph on himself: here lies one whose name was writ in water; and the Germ., etwas hinter die Feueresse schreiben).—

Water, in a more restricted sense.

The sea:

coge, ut ad aquam tibi frumentum Ennenses metiantur,

on the sea-coast, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83:

laborum quos ego sum terrā, quos ego passus aquā,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 30:

findite remigio aquas!

id. F. 3, 586.— Trop.: Venimus in portum... Naviget hinc aliā jam mihi linter aquā, in other waters let my bark now sail (cf. Milton in the Lycidas:

To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new),

Ov. F. 2, 864.—

= la. cus, a lake:

Albanae aquae deductio,

Cic. Div. 1, 44 fin. —

A stream, a river. in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae, i. e. Albula, Ov. F. 4, 48:

alii in aquam caeci ruebant,

Liv. 1, 27:

sonitus multarum aquarum,

of many streams, Vulg. Isa. 17, 12; ib. Apoc. 1, 15; 19, 6:

lignum, quod plantatum est secus decursus aquarum,

along the watercourses, ib. Psa. 1, 3.—

Rain:

cornix augur aquae,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 12:

deūm genitor effusis aethera siccat aquis,

Ov. F. 3, 286:

multā terra madescit aquā,

id. ib. 6, 198:

aquae magnae bis eo anno fuerunt,

heavy rains, a flood, inundation, Liv. 24, 9; 38, 28.—

In the plur., medicinal springs, waters, baths.

In gen.:

ad aquas venire,

Cic. Planc. 27, 65; id. Fam. 16, 24, 2:

aquae caldae,

Varr. L. L. 9, 69, p. 219 Müll.:

aquae calidae,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 227:

aquae medicatae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25:

aquae Salutiferae,

Mart. 5, 1.—Hence,

As prop. noun, Waters. Some of the most important were.

Ăquae Ăpollĭnāres, in Etruria, prob. the Phoebi vada of Mart. 6, 42, 7, now Bagni di Stigliano, Tab. Peut.—

Ăquae Aurēlĭae, in the Black Forest in Germany, now Baden-Baden, Inscr.—

Ăquae Baiae, in Campania, Prop. 1, 11, 30; earlier called Ăquae Cūmānae, Liv. 41, 16.—

Ăquae Călĭdae,

In Britain, now Bath; also called Ăquae Sōlis, Itin Anton.—

In Zeugitana on the Gulf of Carthage, now Hammam Gurbos, Liv. 30, 24, 9; Tab. Peut.—

In Gallia, now Vichy on the Allier, Tab. Theod.—

Ăquae Cĭcĕrōnĭānae, at Cicero's villa at Puteoli, Plin. 31, 2, 3, § 6.—

Ăquae Mattĭăcae, among the Mattiaci in Germany, now Wiesbaden, Amm. 29, 4, also called Fontes Mattĭăci in Plin. 31, 2, 17, § 20.—

Ăquae Sextĭae, near Massilia, once a famous watering-place, now Aix, Liv Epit 61; Vell. 1, 15; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.—

Ăquae Tauri or Tauri Thermae, in Etruria, now Bagni di Ferrata, Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 52. V. Smith, Dict. Geog., s. v. Aquae.—

The water in the water-clock. From the use of this clock in regulating the length of speeches, etc. (cf. clepsydra), arose the tropical phrases,

Aquam dare, to give the advocate time for speaking, Plin. Ep. 6, 2, 7.—

Aquam perdere, to spend time unprofitably, to waste it, Quint. 11, 3, 52.—

Aqua haeret, the water stops, i.e. I am at a loss, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:

in hac causā mihi aqua haeret,

id. ad Q. Fr. 2, 7.—

Aqua intercus, the water under the skin of a dropsical person;

hence, as med. t.,

the dropsy, Plaut. Men. 5, 4, 3:

medicamentum ad aquam intercutem dare,

Cic. Off. 3, 24, 92:

decessit morbo aquae intercutis,

Suet. Ner 5; cf. Cels. 2, 8.— Trop.: aquam in animo habere intercutem, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 37, 3.—

Aqua, the name of a constellation, Gr. Hudôr:

hae tenues stellae perhibentur nomine Aquāī,

Cic. Arat. 179 (as translation of tous pantas kaleousin Hudôr); v. Orell. ad h. l.